发信人: OTTOVONBISMA.bbs@bbs.ntu.edu.tw (悠然), 信区: history
标 题: Re: 东欧史三问
发信站: 台大计中椰林风情站 (Tue Jul 22 16:42:36 1997)
转信站: Lion!netnews.ntu!Palmarama
来 源: @bbs.ntu.edu.tw
Vladimir兄学问渊博，令人敬佩；然吾对下列说法有点疑问：
==> Vladimir@Palmarama (最高苏维埃) 提到:
> 我在这里列一下欧洲的封建等级表....
> 1. Emperor Empire 皇帝
> 2. (Kaiser, Tsar) (Kaiserdom, Tsardom) 副皇帝 (罗马帝国中末期有)
首先，"Kaiser"实是以德语发音的「凯撒（caeser）」，与"imperator"还有"augustus"同为
当年屋大维的封号，前两者流传下来而为「皇帝」之义。"tsar"则为"caeser"之俄文
音译。
１. <>对"emperor"一词的解释为:
"Emperor, feminine Empress,
title designating the sovereigns of the ancient Roman Empire and, by
derivation, various later European rulers; it is also applied loosely
to certain non-European monarchs.
In republican Roman(c.509-27 BC), 'imperator' denoted a victorious general,
so named by his troops or by the Senate. Under the empire(after 27BC),
it was regulary adopted by the ruler as a forename and gradully came to
apply to his office.
In medievall times, Charlemagne, king of the Franks and of the Lombards,
was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, 800. Thence-
forward until the fall of Constantinpole in 1453 there were two emperors in
the Christian world, the Byzantine and the Western. The term 'Holy Roman
Emperor' is now gradually used, for convience, to designate the Western
sovereigns, though the title was at first simply 'emperor'('imperator';
the German form 'Kaiser' being derived from the Roman form 'caesar'), then
'august emperor', then from 971, 'Roman emperor.'"
２. 『简明大英百科全书（中译本）』则解释"tsar"如下：「"tsar□沙皇"，亦作
TZAR或CZAR，英文女性作TSARINA，TZARINA或CZARINA。 俄国统治者最初所采用的
称号。在中世纪的俄罗斯，沙皇这个称号是指最高统治者，特别是指拜占庭皇帝，
而在1240年左右则指蒙古大汗。莫斯科大公伊凡四世於1547年采用这个称号。
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